Neoclassicism, emerging in the 1760s and flourishing through the early 19th century, was a deliberate return to the visual principles of ancient Greece and Rome — clarity, proportion, restraint and moral seriousness — in reaction against Rococo's frivolity. The excavations of Herculaneum (1738) and Pompeii (1748) provided new models. Johann Joachim Winckelmann's writings theorised Greek art as the pinnacle of human achievement. In painting, Jacques-Louis David translated Greek and Roman scenes into taut, morally charged compositions for the French Revolution and Napoleon. In architecture, the period saw Greek Revival sweeping across Europe and America — the Parthenon becoming a model for banks, courthouses and museums. Thomas Jefferson designed Monticello and the University of Virginia in direct response to Palladio's adaptations of Roman architecture.